Visual Studio Code is superb. It offers an unparalleled user experience with great support for many languages and development ecosystems. It comes with great defaults and is super easy to use and to get started with.

Vim is awesome. It’s modal nature and text editing features make it unique amongst other editors. Vim offers a complete different level of text editing proficiency, speed and accuracy from anything else out there.

The combination of both couldn’t be anything less that amazingly superbsome (yep, I just did that).

In the next few minutes you’ll boost your Visual Studio editing skills by bringing in lots of incredibly useful tools from the Vim editor right inside the comfort of your favorite editor: Visual Studio Code.

Here is what we’re going to cover:

• What is Vim? And Why Use Vim in VSCode?
• How to Install Vim in VSCode?
• Basic Surviving Skills in Vim
• Moving Blazingly Fast with Core Vim Motions
• Editing at The Speed of Thought With Vim Operators and Motions
• Vim’s Secret Language
• Inserting Text a la Vim
• Selecting Text in Visual Mode
• Surrounding Things with Vim Surround
• Moving Even Faster with the Sneak and EasyMotion Plugins

What is Vim?

Vi is an ancient text editor, old even before the first age of the world. It was designed to work on contraptions called terminals with the very uncommon yet inspired characteristic of functioning in a modal fashion. That is, it has a mode for inserting text, another for editing text, a different one for selecting text, and so on.

Vi’s latest and most celebrated incarnation is Vim (Vi IMproved and formerly Vi IMitation) which works both with text and graphical interfaces, comes with a plethora of improvements over vi and is supported on every platform known to humankind. But the impact of Vim doesn’t stop with Vim, Vim’s ideas are so very remarkable that they’ve trascended the Vim editor itself and propagated into other editors. Today you can find Vim-like modes in almost any editor and IDE that you can imagine. Like in Visual Studio Code.

Why Vim? Isn’t Visual Studio Code Enough?

Why should you care about learning about an ancient editor in this day and age? Does it really make such a big difference to my VSCode setup?

The truth is that Vim provides a different way of interacting with text from anything I’ve ever seen, a way that gives you a completely different level of control and fluency when editing code. At the hands of an experienced user, editing text with Vim seems like magic:

• Vim makes you faster.
• Vim makes you more precise
• Vim unlocks a completely different level of control in text editing
• Vim thins the interface between your brain and the computer
• It is awe-striking when doing presentations :D

Awesome! But How can Vim achieve all this?

Vim’s modal nature empowers your keyboard to control every aspect of your editor. Every mode is a clean slate that gives your keyboard new powers, to edit text at lightning speed, navigate at the speed of thought, select and move text to your heart’s content, and more.

With Vim you’re no longer limited to inserting text nor subject to the tyranny of the mouse to click, navigate or select text. No. After using Vim for a while, you’ll be like a code surgeon that makes expert incisions with surgical precision whenever and wherever it is required, navigating through your code and codebase with the lightning speed and accuracy of a entirely keyboard driven workflow.

So Why would you want to learn Vim in this day and age? Paraphrasing the mighty Drew Neil author of Practical Vim and master of the most obscure arts of Vim:

Vim is for programmers who want to raise their game. In the hands of an expert, Vim shreds text at the speed of thought.

Installing Vim Inside Visual Studio Code

In order to bring the awesomeness of Vim inside Visual Studio Code you’ll need to install the VsCodeVim plugin:

1. Open Visual Studio Code
2. Go to Extensions
3. Type vim in the search box
4. The first plugin named Vim is the one you want
5. Click on the install button
6. Epic Victory!

Now after the extension is installed you may need to restart Visual Studio Code for the changes to take effect. ^{latest-vscode}

Have you restarted it? Open a code file from your latest project and look at the cursor. Does it look like a rectangle? Yes? Welcome to Vim

Baby Steps in Vim

If you try to type text right now you’ll be surprised to see that nothing happens. Or to be more correct, nothing that you would have expected to happen. That is, as you type there’s no characters being typed in the screen. That’s because the core mode in Vim is Normal mode and not Insert mode.

In Normal mode you don’t insert text, you move around and edit it. This design decision stems from the realization that we spend more time reading, navigating and changing code that we do inserting it in the first place. These are the very basics you need to survive in Vim:

• Move around with hjkl
• Go into Insert mode with i where you can type stuff as usual
• Go back to normal mode with <ESC> or <CTRL-C>

hjkl are the core and most basic motions in Vim. They allow you to move the cursor by one space in every direction:

           ↑
     ← h j k l →
         ↓

They are not the most effective, nor the most efficient way to move around in Vim. But they do give you agility and confidence to move around a file in Normal mode. Learning to hjkl effectively is the equivalent of learning to walk, or learning to ride a bike.

After you get comfortable with more Vim motions you won’t use hjkl as much, but they’ll come very handy for short-distance movements and small corrections.

Moving Blazingly Fast With The Core Vim Motions

Motions (as in movements) are how you move around in Vim. They are commands that when typed move the cursor around with high speed and precision. There are many of them, and each one is best suited for different types and lengths of movement. I find they work great in tandem with VSCode native Go To features like Go To File and Go To Symbol.

Here’s a condensed list of the most useful ones:

Move Horizontally Word By Word

Word Motions allows you to move faster horizontally:

• Use w to jump from word to word (and b to do it backward)
• Use e to jump to the end of a word (and ge to do it backward)
• A word in Vim only includes letters, digits and numbers. If you want to consider special characters like ., (, {, etc as part of a word (called WORD in Vim jargon) you can use the capitalized equivalents of the keys above (W, B, E, gE)

In general, word motions allow for more precise changes while WORD motions allow for faster movement.

Move To A Specific Character

Find character motions allow you to move horizontally quickly and with high precision:

• Use f{char} to move (find) to the next occurrence of a character char in a line (and F to move backwards). For instance, f" sends you to the next occurrence of a double quote.
• Use t{char} to move the cursor just before (until) the next occurrence of a character char

After using f{char} you can type ; to go to the next occurrence or , to go to the previous one. You can see the ; and , as commands for repeating the last character search.

Move Horizontally Extremely

To move extremely horizontally use:

• 0: Moves to the first character of a line
• ^: Moves to the first non-blank character of a line
• $: Moves to the end of a line
• g_: Moves to the non-blank character at the end of a line

To Move Vertically

Starting from k and j, we move on to a faster way of maneuvering vertically with:

• } jumps entire paragraphs downwards
• { similarly but upwards
• CTRL-D let’s you move down half a page
• CTRL-U let’s you move up half a page

High Precision Vertical Motions With Search Pattern

To move vertically even faster when you have a target in mind, your best option is to search with the /{pattern} and ?{pattern} commands:

• Use /{pattern} to search forward inside a file
• Use ?{pattern} to search backwards

You’ll see that as you type, the matched patterns are highlighted. When you find what you want, type <Enter> and your cursor will jump to the first match in the search. There you can perform some editing if you want and later use n to jump to the next match (or N for the previous one). You can think of n as repeating a search.

Vim loves saving you time: At any time, you can type /<Enter> or ?<Enter> to run the last search (forwards or backwards). Use * to do a search for the word under the cursor.

Moving Faster With Counts

Counts are numbers which can be prefixed to a command to multiply the effect of that command. For instance, 2w allows us to move the cursor 2 words forward. Use {count}motion to multiply a motion {count} times.

A great way to move vertically is to take advantage of counts in combination with j and k. This works very well when you enable relative line numbers (via VSCode preferences) because it becomes very natural to jump {count} lines up and down to reach a target line.

Moving Semantically

• Use gd to jump to definition of whatever is under your cursor
• Use gf to jump to a file in an import

And Some More Nifty Core Motions

• gg to go to the top of the file
• {line}gg to go to a specific line
• G to go to the end of the file
• % jump to matching ({[]})

Editing Like Magic With Vim Operators

Motions aren’t just for moving. They can be used in combination with a series of commands called operators to edit your code in Normal mode. These combos normally take this shape:

    an action to perform: delete, change, yank, etc
         /
        /
       /                  ____ a motion that represents a piece
      |                  /     of text to which to appy the action
      |                 /      defined by the operator
  {operator}{count}{motion}
               \
                \
                 \
                  \_ a multiplier to "perform an action
                     {count} times"

One of such commands is delete triggered via the d key:

• d5j deletes 5 lines down
• df' deletes everything in the current line until the first occurrence of the ' character (including the character)
• dt' would do like above but excluding the character (so up until just before)
• d/hello deletes everything until the first occurrence of hello
• ggdG deletes a complete document

Other useful operators are:

• c change. This is the most useful operator. It deletes and sends you into insert mode so that you can type
• y yank or copy in Vim jargon
• p put or paste in Vim jargon
• g~ to toggle caps

All these operators have some useful shorthand syntax aimed at saving you typing and increasing your speed in common use cases:

• Double an operator to make it operate on a whole line: dd deletes a whole like, cc changes a whole line, etc.
• Capitalize an operator to make it operate from the cursor to the end of a line: D deletes from the cursor to the end of the line, C changes to the end of a line, etc.

Operators and motions really shine when we combine operators with a special class of motions called text-objects.

Editing Up a Notch With Text Objects

Text objects are structured pieces of text or, if you will, the entities of a document domain model. What is a document composed of? Words, sentences, quoted text, paragraphs, blocks, (HTML) tags, etc. These are text objects.

The way that you specify a text object within a command is by combining the letter a (which represents the text object plus whitespace) or i (inner object without whitespace) with a character that represents a text object itself: w for word, s for sentence, ' " for quotes, p for paragraph, b for block surrounded by (, Bfor block surrounded by { and t for tag. So to delete different bits of text you could:

• daw to delete a word (plus trailing whitespace)
• ciw to change inner word
• das to delete a sentence (dis delete inner sentence)
• da" to delete something in double quotes including the quotes
• ci" to change something inside double quotes
• dap to delete a paragraph
• dab da( or da) to delete a block surrounded by (
• daB da{ or da} to delete a block surrounded by {
• dat to delete an HTML tag
• cit to change the contents of an HTML tag

Combining text objects with operators is extremely powerful and you’ll use them very often. Stuff like cit, ci" and cib is just brilliant.

Let’s say that we want to change the contents of this string below for something else:

const salute = 'I salute you oh Mighty Warrior'

You type ci'Hi!<ESC> and it becomes:

const salute = 'Hi!'

Just like that. You don’t need to go grab the mouse, select the text and then write something else. You type three letters and Boom.

Repeating The Last Change with The Dot Operator

Vim has yet another trick in store for you aimed at saving you more keystrokes: The magic . command. The . command allows you to repeat the last change you made. Imagine that you run dd to delete a line. You could type dd again to delete another line but you could also use . which is just a single keystroke. Ok, you save one keystroke, so what? Well, you can use the . command to repeat any type of change, not just single commands. For instance, you could change a word for “Awesome” like so cawAwesome<CR>, and then repeat that whole command with all those keystrokes by just using .. Think of the possibilities!

The . command works great in combination with the repeat search commands (;, ,, n or N). Imagine that you want to delete all occurrences of cucumber. An alternative[^3] would be to search for cucumber /cucumber then delete it with daw. From then on you can use n to go to the next match and . to delete it! Two keystrokes!?! Again think of the possibilities!!

Vim’s Secret Language

As you probably have noticed all these operators, counts and motions make up a (programming) language of sorts. You can think of operators as functions and counts and motions as arguments, or using an even simpler analogy… you can think of operators as verbs, counts as adjetives and motions as objects.

The true magic of Vim is composition. As you go building up this vocabulary of operators and motions you’ll find that you can combine them to your heart’s content. So that, once you know all the c, cl, caw, ciw, ct. from the previous paragraph and you learn how dl works, you’ll not only be able to use dl, you’ll know that you can also combine it with all the motions you already have at your disposal and daw, diw, dt, etc.

This is very cool. When using Vim you’ll feel you are navigating a meta-universe of text editing, it’s like programming or controlling the very mechanism of editing and writing text. If you’re familiar with git and how it feels to use the git command line to work with source control, you can think of Vim as the git of text editing. (Putting aside the fact that Vim predates git by almost 30 years). With Vim, you’ll look at a piece of text and you’ll no longer see just words or text, you’ll see the possibilities of an infinite number of operators and motions being applied.

Inserting Text a la Vim

Sooner or later you will have to write some code. In Vim, you write code in Insert mode. You’ve seen a little bit of insert mode when using the c command but let’s look at it some more. There’s two core commands that put you into insert mode: i for insert and a for append.

The i insert command puts you in insert mode before the cursor. While the a append command puts you in insert mode after the cursor (as if to append stuff wherever the cursor is placed). From then on you’re in insert mode and Vim pretty much behaves like any other editor (welcome back VSCode!).

Like with many other Vim commands i and a have uppercase counterparts that do stronger versions of insert and appending. I puts you in insert mode at the beginning of the current line whilst A puts you in insert mode at the end.

In addition to i and a there are another three super useful commands that I love to use to drop into insert mode:

1. o inserts a new line below the current one and drops you into insert mode (mnemonic open a line below)
2. O inserts a new line above the current one and also drops you into insert mode
3. gi puts you into insert mode at the last place you left insert mode. This is great if you drop of insert mode by mistake and want to go back where you were and continue typing.

Ok, so let’s say that now you are in insert mode, typing away and you make a mistake, like a typo. Do you go back to normal mode, fix the typo and go back into insert mode? No! There’s a couple of bindings that can help you fix an error right from within insert mode:

• C-h lets you delete the last character you typed
• C-w lets you delete the last word you typed
• C-u lets you delete the last line you typed

Eventually though you’ll want to exit insert mode and do other stuff. There are three ways to do it: <ESC>, C-[ and C-C. Of all of this, the easier to type is C-C.

Selecting Text in Visual Mode

Visual Mode is the Vim equivalent to selecting text with a mouse. Instead of a mouse though, you’ll use Vim motions. This mode can come very handy whenever you need to select some text because it gives you visual feedback as you do it.

There’s three ways in which you can start visual mode:

• v for visual mode character-wise. When you move around you go selecting character by character
• V for visual mode line-wise. When you move around you go selecting line by line
• <C-V> for visual mode block-wise. When you move around yo go selecting rectangular blocks of text

The visual mode can be very helpful for copying and pasting stuff and when operating on blocks of text or code. It works in the opposite way of normal mode:

• In normal mode you first define the operator and then a motion that represents some text to which to apply that operator
• In visual mode you select the text first and then you type the operator

Splits, Tabs and Switching Between Them

A great feature in Vim is its great support for splits and tabs. Creating, resizing, rearranging and moving between splits and tabs is incredibly easy and fast in Vim. VSCodeVim offers an OK support for this Vim feature.

Splits

Splits are awesome. They allow you to divide your workspace into vertical and horizontal split windows:

• Use the :sp {nameoffile} command to open a horizontal split
• Use the :vsp {nameoffile} command to open a vertical split

You can move between them with <C-W> + hjkl.

Tabs

• Use :tabnew {file} to open a file in a new tab
• Use :tabn to go to the next tab
• Use :tabp to go to the previous tab

Surrounding Things With Vim Surround

VsCodeVim comes with a bunch of useful Vim plugins built-in. One of them is vim-surround which extends Vim’s secret language with a new operator: The surround operator or s.

Using this operator we can surround swaths of text using it as you would any other operator within Vim:

• ds' to delete the surrounding ' (ds{char})
• cs'" to change the surrounding ' for " (cs{old}{new})
• ysaptli> to surround a paragraph with an <li> tag (ys{motion}{char})

You can also use vim-surround by selecting a bit of text in visual mode and then using S{desired character}

Moving Even Faster with vim-sneak and vim-EasyMotion

Vim-sneak and vim-EasyMotion are a couple of Vim plugins that overcharge how you move in Vim. Both of these plugins need to be enabled via your VSCodeVim preferences.

Vim-sneak is a middle ground between character search (inside a line) and pattern search (inside a file):

• You type s{char}{char} and the cursor flies to the first occurrence of that two character sequence. From then on type ; for the next occurrence , , for the previous one. The S{char}{char} works in a similar fashion but backwards.

Where vim-surround extended Vim’s secret language with an operator, vim-sneak does the same but with a motion. As such you can use it in combination with other operators:

• Type {operator}z{char}{char} and the operator will be applied over the text traversed by the sneak motion.

Vim-EasyMotion is a weird one as Vim plugins go. It completely bypasses Vim motions and reinvents them in a curious and mindblowing way. When you trigger an easy motion motion it labels the possible targets in the whole document with a key combination that is shown in an overlay (over the text in question). Type that combination and you’re teleported to that location.

For instance, type \\w (the \\ is how you trigger EasyMotion) and EasyMotion will label the beginning of all words ahead of you. Type \\f' and EasyMotion will label all occurrences of the ' character. Pretty nifty, isn’t it?

Some handy Visual Studio Code only key mappings:

These are some handy mappings the VSCodeVim team came up with only for VSCode:

• gb adds another cursor on the next word it finds which is the same as the word under the cursor. Like * but instead of jumping to next ocurrence it creates multiple cursors.
• af is a visual moe command that selects increasingly larger blocks of text.
• gh is the equivalent of hovering the mouse over where the cursor is. Super handy in order to enable a keyboard only workflow and still enjoy some features (error messages, types, etc) only available via the mouse.

Where Should I Go From Here?

Awesome! We’ve covered a lot of ground in this article and I hope you’ll find it useful as a guide to Vim in Visual Studio Code. All that remains is for you to practice little by little until you become more and more comfortable and proficient with Vim. Don’t try to apply everything you’ve learned in this article at once. Just pick some of the operators you find more useful and slowly go adding them to your workflow.

Even though we covered a lot of ground there’s tons of things we didn’t get to talk about:

• I wrote a complete book that guides you through learning Vim in Visual Studio Code step by step in a lot more depth than this article. It’s free to read online. That’s a great place to continue your Vim in VSCode journey and to use as reference whenever you need it.
• Learn Vim is a VSCode extension I created that helps you learn Vim right within VSCode, keeps your progress and provides room for thoughtful reading and deliberate practice.
• There’s even more plugins available in VSCodeVim. Take a look and see if there’s anything you find interesting
• One of Vim’s core features is its amazing customizability. VSCodeVim brings support for some of that with custom key mappings. That is, it allows you to define custom mappings to make frequent actions easier to type. Take a look here for some great examples.
• Consider installing Neovim and enabling it in VSCode. It allows for an awesome command line mode support. Yep, yet another Vim mode that is capable of some amazing stuff.
• Here is a complete list of the features available right now in VsCodeVim. Yep. It is humongous. Lots of goodies yet to explore.

Go, enjoy your newfound knowledge, improve your skills and productivity and if you ever want to learn more about Vim, I have more awesome stuff for you:

• Try the Exploring Vim series for more involved articles about Vim
• Or the 5 Minutes Vim series for shortish condensed articles
• Or even better get Wizards Use Vim my beautiful book on all things Vim where I guide you step and step in how to be more awesome with Vim

Take care and go kick some ass! :D

Update Feb 10: Hey! I just started a new vlog series to help you get up to speed faster. Enjoy!

Watch the full playlist on YouTube (for some mysterious reason I can no longer embed the whole playlist… meh)